Navigating Romans 13:1-7
When we approach Romans 13:1-7, two primary tendencies can distort our understanding: overemphasizing Paul’s endorsement of government or seeking ways to minimize and sidestep his instructions. To avoid these pitfalls, it’s essential to consider the context. Paul writes to a church in the heart of the Roman Empire, a congregation comprising both Jewish and Gentile Christians. Amidst a backdrop of longing for deliverance from Roman rule and inherent discontent, Paul addresses a critical issue: the believer’s relationship to government.
The Role of Government in Paul’s Time
Some argue that Paul’s teaching in Romans 13 is situational, bound to the first-century context. However, Paul’s language suggests a universal principle. He starts with a sweeping statement: “Let everyone be subject to the governing authorities” (Romans 13:1 NIV). This isn’t merely about the Roman context but an overarching principle of Christian conduct.
The Transition from Theology to Practical Living
Paul’s transition from the theological expositions of Romans 1-11 to the practical exhortations in Romans 12 is crucial. Romans 12:1-2 sets the tone:
“Therefore, I urge you, brothers and sisters, in view of God’s mercy, to offer your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God—this is your true and proper worship. Do not conform to the pattern of this world but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what God’s will is—his good, pleasing and perfect will” (Romans 12:1-2 NIV).
This call to live sacrificially for Jesus and to be transformed in mind is foundational to understanding Paul’s instructions in Romans 13.
Submission to Authorities: A Test of Faith
Paul’s exhortation to submit to governing authorities is a form of dying to self, an acknowledgment that government, despite its flaws, is a means of common grace provided by God. The Roman government, known for its corruption and oppression, was still seen by Paul as an instrument to maintain order and justice (Romans 13:3-4).
Obedience with a Clear Conscience
Paul emphasizes that submission to authorities isn’t merely out of fear of punishment but as a matter of conscience (Romans 13:5). Christians are to pay taxes and support governmental functions because these authorities serve a God-ordained role in society (Romans 13:6-7).
The Limits of Obedience
Biblical examples of civil disobedience, like Daniel’s refusal to stop praying and the apostles’ defiance of the Sanhedrin’s orders to stop preaching, illustrate that obedience to government has limits. When government demands actions contrary to God’s commands, believers must obey God first, accepting the consequences of their defiance.
Applying Romans 13 in Modern America
While first-century Rome and contemporary America differ significantly, the principles Paul outlines remain relevant. Christians today live in a democratic republic where participation in governance is a civic duty. Here are three guiding principles drawn from Romans 13 for modern application:
1. Identity in Christ: Our primary identity is in Christ, not political affiliations. As ambassadors for Christ, our mission transcends earthly politics, calling us to proclaim the Gospel and serve others regardless of their political stance.
2. Kingdom Advancement Over Power: Christians are called to advance God’s kingdom, not seek earthly power. Jesus’ model of servant leadership contrasts with the pursuit of power. Meaningful change comes through transformed hearts, not just laws.
3. Government as Common Grace: Recognizing the government’s role in restraining evil and promoting common good is essential. While we should engage with and support government functions that align with these purposes, our ultimate trust remains in God’s sovereignty.
Conclusion: Living Out Romans 13 Today
Romans 13 calls Christians to a balanced view of government—respectful and obedient, yet discerning and willing to stand against injustice. Our political engagement should reflect our identity in Christ, focusing on advancing His kingdom and serving others. As we navigate the complexities of modern governance, we must remember that our ultimate allegiance is to Jesus, whose kingdom is not of this world.
Faithful followers of Jesus will subject themselves to governing authorities because their security is in Christ, not in earthly power. This world is not our home; our mission is to love God, love others, and make disciples, reflecting the transformative power of the Gospel in every aspect of our lives.